George Washington, Part One: Defining the Role of President

The New Nation
Written By Tom Hand

When the United States Constitution was created, one innovation was a more powerful executive. Everyone knew there was only one man conscientious enough to be entrusted with the job – George Washington. However, there was no guide to follow and no predecessor to lean on.

Tom Hand, creator and publisher of Americana Corner, discusses how George Washington defined the role of president for others to follow, and why it still matters today.


Images Courtesy of: National Archives, Metropolitan Museum of Art, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, National Guard Bureau, Library Company of Philadelphia, Wikimedia

RELATED ARTICLES
The House of Representatives Chooses Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson, Presidents, Elections, Election of 1800, Aaron Burr, Alexander Hamilton, John Marshall
The House of Representatives Chooses Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson, Presidents, Elections, Election of 1800, Aaron Burr, Alexander Hamilton, John Marshall

The presidential election of 1800 ended in a tie, as the two Democratic-Republican candidates, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, each received 73 electoral votes under the original guidelines of the Constitution.

Thomas Jefferson, Presidents, Elections, Election of 1800, Aaron Burr, Alexander Hamilton, John Marshall
The Election of 1800
John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Presidents, Elections, Election of 1800
The Election of 1800
John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Presidents, Elections, Election of 1800

The Presidential election of 1800 was one of the most controversial and consequential in the history of the United States. It represented a true changing of the guard as the Federalist party of Washington, Hamilton, and Adams gave way to the Democratic-Republican ideals of Jefferson and Madison and took the United States in a different direction for a generation to come.

John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Presidents, Elections, Election of 1800
The Legacy of John Adams
John Adams, Presidents
The Legacy of John Adams
John Adams, Presidents

John Adams’s loss to Thomas Jefferson in the presidential election of 1800 was a great disappointment for Adams as he felt he deserved another term based on his accomplishments during his four years as President. But Adams accepted the verdict of the Electoral College and looked forward to the next phase of his life.

John Adams, Presidents
The End of the Quasi-War
John Adams, Quasi-War, France, Alexander Hamilton, George Washington
The End of the Quasi-War
John Adams, Quasi-War, France, Alexander Hamilton, George Washington

The only fighting in the Quasi-War occurred at sea, and mostly in the Caribbean. But with war at a fever pitch and French interests so close by in Louisiana, there was a very real concern in Congress about a possible French invasion of the United States from the west. 

John Adams, Quasi-War, France, Alexander Hamilton, George Washington
Relations with France Fall Apart
George Washington, John Adams, Charles Pinckney, XYZ Affair, Quasi-War, France
Relations with France Fall Apart
George Washington, John Adams, Charles Pinckney, XYZ Affair, Quasi-War, France

America’s first armed conflict with a foreign nation following the American Revolution was not the War of 1812, but rather a mostly forgotten fight called the Quasi-War. Although little known today, in its time it made a significant impact on the course of American history, affecting trade, the creation of the United States Navy, and a presidential election. 

George Washington, John Adams, Charles Pinckney, XYZ Affair, Quasi-War, France
The Election of 1796
John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Presidents, Elections, Election of 1796
The Election of 1796
John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Presidents, Elections, Election of 1796

After serving two terms as President, George Washington decided to not seek a third and instead retire from public life. His decision led to the country’s first contested presidential election in the fall of 1796, pitting Thomas Jefferson against Vice President John Adams. Arguably, no presidential election in the history of the United States has ever featured a choice between two such American titans. 

John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Presidents, Elections, Election of 1796
The Legacy of George Washington
George Washington
The Legacy of George Washington
George Washington

No man has had a greater impact on the United States than George Washington. This quintessential American carried the country through eight long years of its Revolution and devoted another eight years getting the new Constitutional government established as its first President. Washington was one of those rare individuals who seemed destined, almost from birth, for greatness, as if the hand of Divine Providence was watching over and protecting him, saving him for greater things.

George Washington
Washington’s Farewell Address – Debt and Foreign Entanglements
George Washington, Farewell Address
Washington’s Farewell Address – Debt and Foreign Entanglements
George Washington, Farewell Address

In his Farewell Address, President Washington shared his thoughts on several topics, including the need for America to remain fiscally prudent and to avoid permanent foreign alliances that could pull America into a costly war. With the fighting raging again in Europe, this time thanks to Revolutionary France, and with much sentiment favoring the French, Washington felt it necessary to advise a neutral course for the United States. 

George Washington, Farewell Address
Washington’s Farewell Address – The Need for Unity
George Washington, Farewell Address
Washington’s Farewell Address – The Need for Unity
George Washington, Farewell Address

In May 1796, President George Washington asked Alexander Hamilton, arguably his most devoted and trusted assistant, to draft a letter informing the country of his intention of retiring from public life and explaining Washington’s reasons for doing so. This American masterpiece was crafted and word smithed by Hamilton, but all the ideas were Washington’s. 

George Washington, Farewell Address
Washington’s Farewell Address – The Background
George Washington, Farewell Address
Washington’s Farewell Address – The Background
George Washington, Farewell Address

George Washington’s Farewell Address is one of the greatest documents in our nation’s history. It was a letter written by President Washington to his fellow citizens as he neared the end of his second term as President. Published in the American Daily Advertiser on September 19, 1796, its purpose was to inform Washington’s countrymen that he would not seek a third term as chief executive and provide the reasons why, as well as give some fatherly advice for America moving forward. 

George Washington, Farewell Address
The Whiskey Rebellion
George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion
George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Whiskey Rebellion

During George Washington’s two terms as President, arguably the most troublesome domestic event was the Whiskey Rebellion. This issue, the root of which was a tax that people refused to pay, threatened the stability of the country. More significantly, the crisis was a direct challenge to the authority of the recently approved Constitution and the federal government which stood behind it.

George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Whiskey Rebellion
The Jay Treaty Cools Rising Tensions Between America and England
George Washington, John Jay, Jay Treaty
The Jay Treaty Cools Rising Tensions Between America and England
George Washington, John Jay, Jay Treaty

The Jay Treaty, officially known as the Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, Between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, was signed on November 19, 1794. Its primary goal was to cool rising tensions between England and America over issues remaining from the American Revolution.

George Washington, John Jay, Jay Treaty
Washington Declares Neutrality
George Washington
Washington Declares Neutrality
George Washington

George Washington was again unanimously elected President in 1792 and sworn in on March 4, 1793. Although he had not wanted a second term, many, including Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, felt the nation would suffer without his leadership. Reluctantly, Washington agreed to another four years.

George Washington
George Washington, Our Nation’s First President
George Washington, Presidents, Alexander Hamilton
George Washington, Our Nation’s First President
George Washington, Presidents, Alexander Hamilton

The federal Constitution, the new law of the land, took effect on March 4, 1789, and had several notable differences with the Articles of Confederation. One of the most significant changes was the creation of a strong executive or President. However, the powerful executive reminded skeptics of the authority held by King George, and they worried the United States could eventually drift towards despotism. Virtually everyone knew that the only man strong enough to lead the nation and conscientious enough to be entrusted with so much power was George Washington.

George Washington, Presidents, Alexander Hamilton
Key Debates at the Constitutional Convention
George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Constitution, Constitutional Convention
Key Debates at the Constitutional Convention
George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Constitution, Constitutional Convention

On May 29, 1787, Edmund Randolph, Governor of Virginia, rose and introduced fifteen resolutions to the Federal Convention. Known to history as the Virginia Resolves or the Virginia Plan, Randolph’s proposal, which was probably drafted by James Madison, was an outline for an entirely new national government. It called for a national executive, a two-house national legislature, and a national judiciary.

George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Constitution, Constitutional Convention
The Federal Convention Opens
George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Constitution, Constitutional Convention
The Federal Convention Opens
George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Constitution, Constitutional Convention

In the years immediately following the successful conclusion of its war for independence, the United States struggled to survive under the Articles of Confederation. The nation’s leaders knew something had to be done to fix its many issues for this great experiment in democracy to continue.

George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Constitution, Constitutional Convention
General George Washington’s Finest Hour
George Washington, Continental Army
General George Washington’s Finest Hour
George Washington, Continental Army

Following the signing of the Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783, the need to retain the Continental Army was diminished. With Congress financially broke and little reason to think that situation would change given they had no authority to tax, they decided to cut their costs and dissolved the army.

George Washington, Continental Army
Aftermath of the Newburgh Conspiracy
Newburgh Conspiracy, George Washington, Continental Army
Aftermath of the Newburgh Conspiracy
Newburgh Conspiracy, George Washington, Continental Army

The Newburgh Conspiracy represents a time when our nation came closest to deviating from our core revolutionary principles of representative government with civilian control of the military. Because of a weak Confederation Congress and unhappiness within the officer ranks of the Continental Army, the stage was set for our new nation to drift into a military dictatorship or monarchy.

Newburgh Conspiracy, George Washington, Continental Army
The Newburgh Conspiracy: Washington Ends a Crisis
Newburgh Conspiracy, George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Continental Army, Articles of Confederation, Horatio Gates
The Newburgh Conspiracy: Washington Ends a Crisis
Newburgh Conspiracy, George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Continental Army, Articles of Confederation, Horatio Gates

By early 1783, America was close to finalizing its peace agreement with England. However, the Confederation Congress had some issues to resolve with its own discontented Continental Army, as the internal threat of mutiny appeared worse than the external one posed by British forces.

Newburgh Conspiracy, George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Continental Army, Articles of Confederation, Horatio Gates
The Newburgh Conspiracy: Dissension in the Ranks
Newburgh Conspiracy, George Washington, Henry Knox, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Continental Army, Articles of Confederation
The Newburgh Conspiracy: Dissension in the Ranks
Newburgh Conspiracy, George Washington, Henry Knox, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Continental Army, Articles of Confederation

We take civilian control of the military for granted today in America. However, were it not for General George Washington’s actions and words in the so-called Newburgh Conspiracy, things might be quite a bit different.

Newburgh Conspiracy, George Washington, Henry Knox, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Continental Army, Articles of Confederation
British Surrender at Yorktown
American Revolution, Yorktown Campaign, George Washington, Lord Charles Cornwallis, Henry Clinton, Marquis de Lafayette, Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau
British Surrender at Yorktown
American Revolution, Yorktown Campaign, George Washington, Lord Charles Cornwallis, Henry Clinton, Marquis de Lafayette, Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau

General George Washington led his Continental Army and the French Army under General Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau into Virginia in mid-September 1781. The combined force was on its way to Yorktown and its appointment with destiny with the entrapped British command of General Lord Charles Cornwallis.

American Revolution, Yorktown Campaign, George Washington, Lord Charles Cornwallis, Henry Clinton, Marquis de Lafayette, Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau
The Yorktown Campaign
American Revolution, Yorktown Campaign, George Washington, Lord Charles Cornwallis, Henry Clinton, Marquis de Lafayette, Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau
The Yorktown Campaign
American Revolution, Yorktown Campaign, George Washington, Lord Charles Cornwallis, Henry Clinton, Marquis de Lafayette, Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau

After the Battle of Monmouth Courthouse in June of 1778, the British retreated into the friendly confines of New York City. Following two lengthy campaigns (New York in 1776 and Philadelphia in 1777), England had neither crushed the Continental Army nor roused the local populace to join the British effort.

American Revolution, Yorktown Campaign, George Washington, Lord Charles Cornwallis, Henry Clinton, Marquis de Lafayette, Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau
A Desperate Winter at Valley Forge
George Washington, Founding Fathers, Continental Army, Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben
A Desperate Winter at Valley Forge
George Washington, Founding Fathers, Continental Army, Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben

In December 1777, following the loss of Philadelphia, our nation’s capital, General George Washington moved his Continental Army to Valley Forge for the winter. It would prove to be a desperately hard winter for the soldiers, with conditions that might have broken the spirit of less determined men, but one from which the American army emerged a more professional fighting force.

George Washington, Founding Fathers, Continental Army, Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben
The British Capture Philadelphia
George Washington, Founding Fathers, Continental Army, Philadelphia Campaign
The British Capture Philadelphia
George Washington, Founding Fathers, Continental Army, Philadelphia Campaign

Our nation’s capital has twice been captured by a foreign army and in both cases, it was by British Redcoats. The more famous incident was the burning of Washington on August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812. However, the first occurred 37 years before that event, in 1777, when the British captured Philadelphia, the capital of newly independent United States.

George Washington, Founding Fathers, Continental Army, Philadelphia Campaign
Continental Army Victorious at Princeton
George Washington, Founding Fathers, Continental Army, Battle of Princeton
Continental Army Victorious at Princeton
George Washington, Founding Fathers, Continental Army, Battle of Princeton

General George Washington and his Continentals had achieved a great victory at Trenton on December 26, but the General saw another opportunity if he acted aggressively. On December 30, he recrossed the Delaware hoping for another miracle.

George Washington, Founding Fathers, Continental Army, Battle of Princeton
George Washington and the Crossing of the Delaware
George Washington, Continental Army, Henry Knox, John Glover, William Howe, Battle of Trenton, Crossing the Delaware
George Washington and the Crossing of the Delaware
George Washington, Continental Army, Henry Knox, John Glover, William Howe, Battle of Trenton, Crossing the Delaware

In late December 1776, the American Revolution had reached its low point. The 16,000-man Continental Army that had driven the British out of Boston in March 1776, had lost countless battles over the course of nine months and dwindled to a skeletal force of 3,000 soldiers on the west side of the Delaware River.

George Washington, Continental Army, Henry Knox, John Glover, William Howe, Battle of Trenton, Crossing the Delaware
Washington and Continental Army Face Rocky Start
George Washington, Continental Army, Henry Knox, John Glover, William Howe, Battle of Long Island, Battles
Washington and Continental Army Face Rocky Start
George Washington, Continental Army, Henry Knox, John Glover, William Howe, Battle of Long Island, Battles

General George Washington formally took command of the Continental Army surrounding Boston on July 3, 1775. He immediately began to organize and train the troops and his natural aggressiveness was soon on display.

George Washington, Continental Army, Henry Knox, John Glover, William Howe, Battle of Long Island, Battles
Washington Takes Command of the Continental Army
George Washington, Founding Fathers, Continental Army
Washington Takes Command of the Continental Army
George Washington, Founding Fathers, Continental Army

When it came to finding the right man to command the new Continental Army assembled around Boston, George Washington was the logical choice. John Adams quickly nominated Washington and Congress unanimously approved. As Adams stated, “This appointment will have a great effect in cementing and securing the Union of these colonies.”

George Washington, Founding Fathers, Continental Army
George Washington Enters Politics
George Washington, Founding Fathers, House of Burgesses, First Continental Congress, George Mason
George Washington Enters Politics
George Washington, Founding Fathers, House of Burgesses, First Continental Congress, George Mason

As befitting a wealthy landowner in colonial Virginia, George Washington became active in the colony’s politics in the 1750s. He first ran for a seat representing Frederick County in the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1755 but lost the election. Interestingly, it was the only political race he would ever lose. Washington ran for that same seat in 1758 and was victorious, and he held this seat for seven years.

George Washington, Founding Fathers, House of Burgesses, First Continental Congress, George Mason
The Life of Martha Washington
George Washington, Martha Washington, Mount Vernon
The Life of Martha Washington
George Washington, Martha Washington, Mount Vernon

Martha Washington was our nation’s first First Lady and lived in the shadow of her larger-than-life husband George. However, most Americans do not realize that she was a very capable woman and, when given the opportunity, managed her own affairs quite well.

George Washington, Martha Washington, Mount Vernon
Tom Hand
Previous

George Washington, Part Two: Putting His Country First
Next

Expanding Our New Nation with the Northwest Ordinance